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|
% SiSU 0.38
@title: Book Index for - The Wealth of Networks
@subtitle: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
@creator: Yochai Benkler
@type: Book
@rights: Copyright (C) 2006 by Yochai Benkler. All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ The author has made an online version of the book available under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Sharealike license; it can be accessed through the author's website at http://www.benkler.org.
@date: 2006-01-27
@date.created: 2006-01-27
@date.issued: 2006-01-27
@date.available: 2006-11-26
@date.modified: 2006-11-26
@date.valid: 2006-01-27
% @catalogue: isbn=0300110561
@language: US
@vocabulary: none
@images: center
@skin: skin_won_benkler
@links: {The Wealth of Networks, dedicated wiki}http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php/Main_Page
{The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler @ SiSU}http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler
@level: new=:C; break=1
:A~ The Wealth of Networks - How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
:B~ Yochai Benkler
:C~ Book Index
1~ Index~{ http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler }~
http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler ~#
Abilene, Texas, 407
access: broadband services, concentration of, 240; cable providers, regulation of, 399-401; human development and justice, 13-15; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; to medicine, 344-353; to raw data, 313-314; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397
access regulation. See policy
accreditation, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183-184; Amazon, 75; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104
Ackerman, Bruce, 184, 281, 305-307
action, individual. See individual capabilities
active vs. passive consumers, 126-127, 135
ad hoc mesh networks, 89
Adamic, Lada, 244, 246-248, 257
Adams, Scott, 138
advertiser-supported media, 194-195, 199-204; lowest-common-denominator programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; reflection of consumer preference, 203
aggregate effect of individual action, 4-5. See also clusters in network topology; peer production
agonistic giving, 83
agricultural innovation, commons-based, 329-344
% ,{[pg 492]},
Albert, Reka, 243-244, 251
alertness, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210
alienation, 359-361
allocating excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352
almanac-type information, emergence of, 70. See also Wikipedia project
Alstott, Anne, 305
altruism, 82-83
Amazon, 75
anticircumvention provisions, DMCA, 414-417
antidevice provisions, DMCA, 415
Antidilution Act of 1995, 290, 447
appropriation strategies, 49
arbitrage, domain names, 433
archiving of scientific publications, 325-326
Arrow, Kenneth, 36, 93
ArXiv.org, 325-326
asymmetric commons, 61-62
AT&T, 191, 194
Atrios (blogger Duncan Black), 263
attention fragmentation, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466. See also social relations and norms
authoring of scientific publications, 323-325
authoritarian control, 236; working around, 266-271
authorship, collaborative. See peer production
autonomy, 8-9, 133-175, 464-465; culture and, 280-281; formal conception of, 140-141; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; information environment, structure of, 146-161; mass media and, 164-166
B92 radio, 266
Babel objection, 10, 12, 169-174, 233-235, 237-241, 465-466
backbone Web sites, 249-250, 258-260
background knowledge. See culture bad luck, justice and, 303-304
Bagdikian, Ben, 205
Baker, Edwin, 165, 203
Balkin, Jack, 15, 256, 276, 284, 294, 295
Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo, 243-246, 251
Barbie (doll), culture of, 277, 285-289
Barlow, John Perry, 45
barriers to access. See access
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 189
Beebe, Jack, 207
behavior: enforced with social software, 372-375; motivation to produce, 6, 92-99, 115; number and variety of options, 150-152, 170. See also autonomy
Benabou, Roland, 94
benefit maximization, 42
Beniger, James, 187
Benjamin, Walter, 295, 296
Bennett, James Gordon, 188
Berlusconi effect, 201, 204, 220-225
bilateral trade negotiations. See trade policy
BioForge platform, 343
bioinformatics, 351
BioMed Central, 324
biomedical research, commons-based, 344-353
BIOS initiative, 342-344
biotechnology, 332-338
blocked access: authoritarian control, 236, 266-271; autonomy and, 147-152, 170-171; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; mass media and, 197-199; policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397
blogs, 216-217; Sinclair Broadcasting case study, 220-225; small-worlds effect, 252-253; as social software, 372-375; watchdog functionality, 262-264
% ,{[pg 493]},
blood donation, 93
bots. See trespass to chattels
bow tie structure of Web, 249-250
Bower, Chris, 221
boycott of Sinclair Broadcasting, 220-225
BoycottSBG.com site, 222-223, 225
Boyd, Dana, 368
Boyle, James, 25, 415, 446-447, 449, 487-488
branding: domain names and, 431-433; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448
bridging social relationships, 368
Bristol, Virginia, 406
broadband networks, 24-25; cable as commons, 399-401; concentration in access services, 240; market structure of, 152-153; municipal initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405; regulation of, 399-402. See also wired communications
broadcast flag regulation, 410
broadcasting, radio. See radio broadcasting, toll, 194-195
Broder, Andrei, 249
browsers, 434-436
Bt cotton, 337-338
building on existing information, 37-39, 52
Bullock, William, 188
business decisions vs. editorial decisions, 204
business strategies for information production, 41-48
cable broadband transport, as commons, 399-401. See also broadband networks
cacophony. See Babel objection; relevance filtering
CAMBIA research institute, 342-344
capabilities of individuals, 20-22; coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5; cultural shift, 284; economic condition and, 304; human capacity as resource, 52-55; as modality of production, 119-120; as physical capital, 99; technology and human affairs, 16-18. See also autonomy; nonmarket information producers
capacity: diversity of content in largeaudience media, 197, 204-210, 259-260; human communication, 52-55, 99-106, 110; mass media limits on, 199; networked public sphere generation, 225-232; networked public sphere reaction, 220-225; opportunities created by social production, 123-126; policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; processing (computational), 81-82, 86; radio, sharing, 402-403; securing, 458; sharing, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352; storage, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
capital for production, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
Carey, James, 131
carriage requirements of cable providers, 401
Castells, Manuel, 16, 18, 362
CBDPTA (Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act), 409
Cejas, Rory, 134, 141-142
censorship, 268-270
centralization of communications, 62, 235, 237-241, 258-260; authoritarian filtering, 268; decentralization, 10-12, 62
CGIAR's GCP program, 341
Chakrabarti, Soumen, 251
Chandler, Alfred, 187
channels, transmission. See transport channel policy chaotic, Internet as, 237-241
% ,{[pg 494]},
Chaplin, Charlie, 138
chat rooms, 269
Chinese agricultural research, 337-338
Chung, Minn, 267
Cisco policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159
Clark, Dave, 412
Clarke, Ian, 269
click-wrap licenses, 444-446
clickworkers project (NASA), 69-70
clinical trials, peer-produced, 353
clusters in network topology, 12-13, 248-250, 253-256; bow tie structure of Web, 249-250; synthesis of public opinion, 184, 199. See also topology, network
Coase, Ronald, 59, 87
Cohen, Julie, 416
Coleman, James, 95, 361
collaboration, open-source, 66-67
collaboration, traditional. See traditional model of communication
collaborative authorship, 218; among universities, 338-341, 347-350; social software, 372-375. See also peer production collective social action, 22
commercial culture, production of, 295-296
commercial mass media: basic critiques of, 196-211; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; structure of, 178-180. See also traditional model of communication commercial mass media, political freedom and, 176-211; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185
commercial model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers
commercial press, 186-188, 202
commercialism, undermining political concern, 197, 204-210
common-carriage regulatory system, 160
commons, 24, 60-62, 129-132, 316-317; autonomy and, 144-146; cable providers as, 399-401; crispness of social exchange, 109; human welfare and development, 308-311; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; types of, 61-62; wireless communications as, 89, 152-154
commons, production through. See peer production commons-based research, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
communication: authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; capacity of, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; through performance, 205; transaction costs, 112-115; university alliances, 338-341, 347-350. See also wired communications; wireless communications
% ,{[pg 495]},
communication diversity. See diversity communication tools, 215-219
communities: critical culture and self-reflection, 15-16, 70-74, 76, 112, 293-294; fragmentation of, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; human and Internet, together, 375-377; immersive entertainment, 74, 135-136; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405; as persons, 19-20; technology-defined social structure, 29-34; virtual, 348-361
community clusters. See clusters in network topology community regulation by social norms. See social relations and norms competition: communications infrastructure, 157-159; market and nonmarket producers, 122-123
computational capacity, 81-82, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
computer gaming environment, 74, 135-136
computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
concentration in broadband access services, 240
concentration of mass-media power, 157, 197, 199-204, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225
concentration of Web attention, 241-261
connectivity, 86
constraints of information production, monetary, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
constraints of information production, physical, 3-4, 24-25. See also capital for production
constraints on behavior. See autonomy; freedom consumer demand for information, 203
consumer surplus. See capacity, sharing consumerism, active vs. passive, 126-127, 135
contact, online vs. physical, 360-361
content layer of institutional ecology, 384, 392, 439-457, 469-470; copyright issues, 439-444; recent changes, 395
context, cultural. See culture contractual enclosure, 444-446
control of public sphere. See mass media controlling
culture, 297-300
controversy, avoidance of, 205
cooperation gain, 88
cooperative production. See peer production
coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5. See also clusters in network topology; peer production
copyleft, 65, 342 copyright issues, 277-278, 439-444. See also proprietary rights
core Web sites, 249-250
cost: crispness of, 109-113; minimizing, 42; of production, as limiting, 164-165; proprietary models, 461-462; technologies, 462. See also capital for production creative capacity, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110
Creative Commons initiative, 455
creativity, value of, 109-113
credibility, earning. See accreditation
criminalization of copyright infringement, 441-442
crispness of currency exchange, 109-113
% ,{[pg 496]},
critical culture and self-reflection, 15-16, 293-294; Open Directory Project, 76; self-identification as transaction cost, 112; Wikipedia project, 70-74
cultural production. See culture; information production
culture, 273-300, 466-467; criticality of (self-reflection), 15-16, 70-74, 76, 112, 293-294; freedom of, 279-285, 297; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; as motivational context, 97; participatory, policies for, 297-300; security of context, 143-146; shaping perceptions of others, 147-152, 170, 220-225, 297-300; social exchange, crispness of, 109-113; of television, 135; transparency of, 285-294
daily newspapers, 40
dailyKos.com site, 221
data storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
Database Directive, 449-450
database protection, 449-451; trespass to chattels, 451-453
Davis, Nick, 221-223, 245-246, 260
Dawkins, Richard, 284
de minimis digital sampling, 443-444
de Solla Price, Derek, 243
Dean, Howard, 258
decency. See social relations and norms
decentralization of communications, 10-12, 62
Deci, Edward, 94
DeCSS program, 417
defining price, 109-113
demand for information, consumer, 203
demand-side effects of information production, 43, 45
democratic societies, 7-16, 177; autonomy, 8-9; critical culture and social relations, 15-16; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; justice and human development, 13-15; public sphere, shift from mass media, 10-13; shift from mass-media communications model, 10-13; social-democratic theories of justice, 308-311
democratizing effect of Internet, 213-214; critiques of claims of, 233-237
depression, 359-361
deregulation. See policy determinism, technological, 16-18
development, commons-based, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
devices (physical), policy regarding, 408-412. See also computers
Diebold Election Systems, 225-232, 262, 389-390
digital copyright. See proprietary rights
digital divide, 236-237
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 380, 413-418
digital sampling, 443-444
dignity, 19
Dill, Stephen, 249-250
dilution of trademarks, 290, 446-448
discussion lists (electronic), 215
displacement of real-world interaction, 357, 362-366
distributed computing projects, 81-83
distributed filtering and accreditation, 171-172
distributed production. See peer production Distributed Proofreading site, 81
distribution lists (electronic), 215
distribution of information, 68-69, 80-81; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; university-based innovation, 348-350
diversity, 164-169; appropriation strategies, 49; of behavioral options, 150-152, 170; changes in taste, 126; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; granularity of participation, 100-102, 113-114; human communication, 55-56; human motivation, 6; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; mass-mediated environments, 165-166; motivation to produce, 6, 92-99, 115. See also autonomy
% ,{[pg 497]},
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 380, 413-418
Doctors Without Borders, 347
domain name system, 429-434
Drezner, Daniel, 251, 255
drugs, commons-based research on, 344-353
DSL. See broadband networks dumb luck, justice and, 303-304
Dworkin, Gerard, 140
Dworkin, Ronald, 304, 307
dynamic inefficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
Dyson, Esther, 45
e-mail, 215; thickening of preexisting relations, 363-366 /{eBay v. Bidder's Edge}/, 451-453
economic analysis, role of, 18
economic data, access to, 313-314
economic opportunity, 130-131
economics in liberal political theory, 19-20; cultural freedom, 279-285, 297
economics of information production and innovation, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56
economics of nonmarket production, 91-127; emergence in digital networks, 116-122; feasibility conditions, 99-106; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also motivation to produce
Edelman, Ben, 268
editorial filtering. See relevance filtering editorial vs. business decisions, 204
educational instruction, 314-315, 327
efficiency of information regulation, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 17 /{Eldred v. Ashcroft}/, 442
electronic voting machines (case study), 225-232, 262, 389-390
emergent order in networks. See clusters in network topology
enclosure movement, 380-382
encryption, 457
encryption circumvention, 414-417
encyclopedic information, emergence of, 70. See also Wikipedia project enhanced autonomy. See autonomy
entertainment industry: hardware regulation and, 409-412; immersive, 74, 135-136; peer-to-peer networks and, 425-428. See also music industry entitlement theory, 304
environmental criticism of GM foods, 334
equality. See justice and human development
esteem. See intrinsic motivations
ethic (journalistic) vs. business necessity, 197, 204-210
excess capacity, sharing, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352
exclusivity. See also proprietary rights
exercise of programming power, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225
existing information, building on, 37-39, 52
extrinsic motivations, 94-95
factual reporting, access to, 314
fair use in copyright, 440-441
family relations, strengthening of, 357, 362-366
% ,{[pg 498]},
Fanning, Shawn, 84, 419
Farrell, Henry, 251, 255
FastTrack architecture, 420
FCC. See policy
feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106
feedback and intake limits of mass media, 199
Feinberg, Joel, 140 /{Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co.}/, 449
Felten, Edward, 416
FHSST (Free High School Science Texts), 101, 326
Fightaids@home project, 82
file-sharing networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457
filtering, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183, 258-260; Amazon, 75; by authoritarian countries, 236; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of massmedia power, 157, 197, 199-204, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
filtering by information provider. See blocked access financial reward, as demotivator, 94-96
fine-grained goods, 113
firms. See market-based information producers; traditional model of communication
first-best preferences, mass media and: concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; largeaudience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225
Fisher, William (Terry), 15, 123, 276, 293, 409
Fiske, John, 135, 275, 293
fixed costs, 110
Folding@home project, 82-83
folk culture. See culture food, commons-based research on, 328-329
food security, commons-based research on, 329-344
formal autonomy theory, 140-141
formal instruction, 314-315
fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466. See also social relations and norms
Franklin, Benjamin, 187
Franks, Charles, 81, 137
Free High School Science Texts (FHSST), 101, 326
free software, 5, 46, 63-67; commonsbased welfare development, 320-323; as competition to market-based business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458
free trade agreements. See trade policy
freedom, 19, 129; behavioral options, 150-152, 170; of commons, 62; cultural, 279-285, 297; property and commons, 143-146
freedom as individuals. See autonomy freedom policy. See policy
Freenet, 269-270
Frey, Bruno, 93-94
Friedman, Milton, 38
friendship as motivation. See intrinsic motivations
friendships, virtual, 359-361
Friendster, 368
Froomkin, Michael, 412, 432
FTAs. See trade policy
future: participatory culture, 297-300; public sphere, 271-272
% ,{[pg 499]},
games, immersive, 74, 135-136
GCP (Generation Challenge Program), 341
GE (General Electric), 191, 195
General Public License (GPL), 63-65, 104. See also free software
Generation Challenge Program (GCP), 341
genetically modified (GM) foods, 332-338
Genome@home project, 82
geographic community, strength of. See thickening of preexisting relations
Ghosh, Rishab, 106
gifts, 116-117
Gilmore, Dan, 219, 262
Glance, Natalie, 248, 257
global development, 308-311, 355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; international harmonization, 453-455; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
global injustice. See justice and human development
GM (genetically modified) foods, 332-338
GNU/Linux operating system, 64-65
Gnutella, 420
Godelier, Maurice, 109, 116
golden rice, 339
goods, information-embedded, 311-312
Google, 76
Gould, Stephen Jay, 27
government: authoritarian control, 236, 266-271; independence from control of, 184, 197-198; role of, 20-22; working around authorities, 266-271. See also policy
GPL (General Public License), 63-65, 104. See also free software
Gramsci, Antonio, 280
Granovetter, Mark, 95, 360, 361
granularity, 100-102; of lumpy goods, 113-114
Green Revolution, 331-332
Grokster, 421
growth rates of Web sites, 244, 246-247
gTLD-MoU document, 431
Habermas, Jurgen, 181, 184, 205, 281, 412
The Halloween Memo, 123
Hampton, Keith, 363
handhelds. See computers; mobile phones
HapMap Project, 351
hardware, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
hardware regulations, 408-412
harmonization, international, 453-455
Harris, Bev, 227, 228, 231
Hart, Michael, 80-81, 137
Hayek, Friedrich, 20, 143
HDI (Human Development Index), 309-310
health effects of GM foods, 334
Hearst, William Randolph, 203
Heller, Michael, 312
HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), 202
hierarchical organizations. See traditional model of communication
high-production value content, 167-169, 294-297. See also accreditation
HIV/AIDS, 319, 328-329, 344-345; Genome
home project, 82
Holiday, Billie, 273
Hollings, Fritz, 409-410
Hollywood. See entertainment industry
Hoover, Herbert, 192-194
Hopkins Report, 229
Horner, Mark, 101
Huberman, Bernardo, 243-244, 246-247
human affairs, technology and, 16-18
% ,{[pg 500]},
human communicative capacity, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110
human community, coexisting with Internet, 375-377
human contact, online vs. physical, 360-361
human development and justice, 13-15, 301-355, 467-468; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; liberal theories of, 303-308. See also welfare
Human Development Index (HDI), 309-310
Human Development Report, 309
human freedom. See freedom
human motivation, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114
human welfare, 130-131; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; digital divide, 236-237; freedom from constraint, 157-158; information-based advantages, 311-315; liberal theories of justice, 303-308. See also justice and human development
Hundt, Reed, 222
hyperlinking on the Web, 218; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; as trespass, 451-453
IAHC (International Ad Hoc Committee), 430-431
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 430
IBM's business strategy, 46-47, 123-124
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 431-432
iconic representations of opinion, 205, 209-210
ideal market, 62-63
immersive entertainment, 74, 135-136
implicit knowledge, transfer of, 314-315
incentives of exclusive rights. See proprietary rights
incentives to produce, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114
independence from government control, 184, 197-198
independence of Web sites, 103
individual autonomy, 8-9, 133-175, 464-465; culture and, 280-281; formal conception of, 140-141; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; information environment, structure of, 146-161; mass media and, 164-166
individual capabilities and action, 20-22; coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5; cultural shift, 284; economic condition and, 304; human capacity as resource, 52-55; as modality of production, 119-120; as physical capital, 99; technology and human affairs, 16-18. See also autonomy; nonmarket information producers
individualist methodologies, 18
industrial age: destabilization of, 32; reduction of individual autonomy, 137-138
industrial model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; information industries, 315-317; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; securityrelated policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also marketbased information producers
% ,{[pg 501]},
inefficiency of information regulation, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
inertness, political, 197, 204-210
influence exaction, 156, 158-159
information, defined, 31, 313-314
information, perfect, 203
information appropriation strategies, 49
information as nonrival, 36-39
information economy, 2-34; democracy and liberalism, 7-16; effects on public sphere, 219-233; emergence of, 2-7; institutional ecology, 22-28; justice, liberal theories of, 303-308; methodological choices, 16-22
information-embedded goods, 311-312
information-embedded tools, 312
information flow, 12; controlling with policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199
information industries, 315-317
information laws. See policy
information licensing and ownership. See also proprietary rights
information overload and Babel objection, 10, 12, 169-174, 233-235, 237-241, 465-466
information production, 464; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; networked public sphere capacity for, 225-232; nonrivalry, 36-39, 85-86; physical constraints on, 3-4; strategies of, 41-48. See also distribution of information; peer production
information production, market-based: cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; mass popular culture, 295-296; relationship with social producers, 122-127; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; universities as, 347-348; without property protections, 39-41, 45-48
information production, models of. See traditional model of communication
information production, nonmarketbased. See entries at nonmarket production
information production capital, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
information production economics, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56
information production efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
information production inputs, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship
information sharing. See sharing information storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115 infrastructure ownership, 155 initial costs, 110
% ,{[pg 502]},
injustice. See justice and human development
Innis, Harold, 17
innovation: agricultural, commonsbased, 329-344; human development, 14; software patents and, 437-439; wireless communications policy, 154
innovation economics, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56
innovation efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
inputs to production, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship
instant messaging, 365
Institute for One World Health, 350
institutional ecology of digital environment, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers
intellectual property. See proprietary rights
interaction, social. See social relations and norms
interest communities. See clusters in network topology
interlinking. See topology, network
International HapMap Project, 351
international harmonization, 453-455
Internet: authoritarian control over, 266-271; centralization of, 235, 237-241; coexisting with human community, 375-377; democratizing effect of, 213-214, 233-237; globality of, effects on policy, 396; linking as trespass, 451-453; plasticity of culture, 294-297, 299; as platform for human connection, 369-372; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250; technologies of, 215-219; transparency of culture, 285-294; Web addresses, 429-434; Web browsers, 434-436
Internet Explorer browser, 434-436
Internet usage patterns. See social relations and norms
intrinsic motivations, 94-99. See also motivation to produce
Introna, Lucas, 261
isolation, 359-361
Jackson, Jesse, 264 The Jedi Saga, 134
Jefferson, Richard, 342
Joe Einstein model, 43, 47-48, 315
Johanson, Jon, 417
journalism, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210
judgment of relevance. See relevance filtering
justice and human development, 13-15, 301-355, 467-468; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; liberal theories of, 303-308
% ,{[pg 503]},
Kant, Immanuel, 143
karma (Slashdot), 78
KaZaa, 421
KDKA Pittsburgh, 190, 191
Keillor, Garrison, 243
Kick, Russ, 103, 259-260
Know-How model, 45-46
knowledge, defined, 314-315
Koren, Niva Elkin, 15
Kottke, Jason, 252
Kraut, Robert, 360, 363
Kumar, Ravi, 253
Kymlicka, Will, 281
laboratories, peer-produced, 352-353
Lakhani, Karim, 106
Lange, David, 25
large-audience programming, 197, 204-210; susceptibility of networked public sphere, 259-260
large-circulation presses, 187-188
large-grained goods, 113-114
large-scale peer cooperation. See peer production
last mile (wireless), 402-405
laws. See policy
layers of institutional ecology, 384, 389-396, 469-470; content layer, 384, 392, 395, 439-457, 469-470; physical layer, 392, 469-470. See also logical layer of institutional ecology
learning networks, 43, 46, 112
Lemley, Mark, 399, 445
Lerner, Josh, 39, 106
Lessig, Lawrence (Larry), 15, 25, 239, 276, 278, 385, 399
liberal political theory, 19-20; cultural freedom, 278-285, 297
liberal societies, 7-16; autonomy, 8-9; critical culture and social relations, 15-16; design of public sphere, 180-185; justice and human development, 13-15; public sphere, shift from mass media, 10-13; theories of justice, 303-308
licensing: agricultural biotechnologies, 338-344; GPL (General Public License), 63-65, 104; radio, 191-194; shrink-wrap (contractual enclosure), 444-446. See also proprietary rights
limited-access common resources, 61
limited intake of mass media, 197-199
limited sharing networks, 43, 48
Lin, Nan, 95
Linden Labs. See Second Life game environment
linking on the Web, 218; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; as trespass, 451-453
Linux operating system, 65-66
Litman, Jessica, 25, 33, 278, 439
local clusters in network topology, 12-13. See also clusters in network topology
logical layer of institutional ecology, 384, 392, 412-439, 469; database protection, 449-451; DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 380, 413-418; domain name system, 429-434; free software policies, 436-437; international harmonization, 453-455; peerto-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; recent changes, 395; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448; Web browsers, 434-436
loneliness, 359-361
loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369
Los Alamos model, 43, 48
Lott, Trent, 258, 263-264
lowest-common-denominator programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260
Lucas, George, 134
luck, justice and, 303-304
lumpy goods, 113-115
Luther, Martin, 27
% ,{[pg 504]},
machinery. See computers
mailing lists (electronic), 215
management, changing relationships of, 124-126
Mangabeira Unger, Roberto, 138
manipulating perceptions of others, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300
mapping utterances. See relevance filtering
Marconi, 191
market-based information producers: cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; mass popular culture, 295-296; relationship with social producers, 122-127; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; universities as, 347-348; without property protections, 39-41, 45-48
market reports, access to, 314
market transactions, 107-109
Marshall, Josh, 221, 222, 246, 263
Marx, Karl, 143, 279
mass media: basic critiques of, 196-211; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; structure of, 178-180. See also traditional model of communication
mass media, political freedom and, 176-211; commercial platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185
massive multiplayer games, 74, 135-136
maximizing viewers as business necessity. See large-audience programming
McChesney, Robert, 196
McHenry, Robert, 71
McLuhan, Marshall, 16, 17
McVeigh, Timothy (sailor), 367
Medecins San Frontieres, 347
media concentration, 157, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225. See also power of mass media owners
medicines, commons-based research on, 344-353
medium-grained goods, 113
medium of exchange, 109-113
Meetup.com site, 368
The Memory Hole, 103
metamoderation (Slashdot), 79
methodological individualism, 18
Mickey model, 42-44
Microsoft Corporation: browser wars, 434-436; sidewalk.com, 452
Milgram, Stanley, 252
misfortune, justice and, 303-304
MIT's Open Courseware Initiative, 314-315, 327
MMOGs (massive multiplayer online games), 74, 135-136
mobile phones, 219, 367; open wireless networks, 402-405
moderation of content. See accreditation
modularity, 100-103
Moglen, Eben, 5, 55, 426
monetary constraints on information production, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
money: centralization of communications, 258-260; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; cost of production as limiting, 164-165; crispness of currency exchange, 109-113; as demotivator, 94-96; as dominant factor, 234. See also capital for production
monitoring, authoritarian, 236
monopoly: authoritarian control, 266-271; breadth of programming under, 207; medical research and innovation, 345-346; radio broadcasting, 189, 195; wired environment as, 152-153
% ,{[pg 505]},
Moore, Michael, 200
motivation to produce, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114
Moulitsas, Markos, 221
movie industry. See entertainment industry
MP3.com, 419, 422-423
MSF (Medecins San Frontieres), 347
Mumford, Lewis, 16
municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408
Murdoch, Rupert, 203
music industry, 50-51, 425-427; digital sampling, 443-444; DMCA violations, 416; peer-to-peer networks and, 84
MyDD.com site, 221
Napster, 419. See also peer-to-peer networks
NASA Clickworkers, 69-70
NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 195
Negroponte, Nicholas, 238
neighborhood relations, strengthening of, 357, 362-366
Nelson, W. R., 205
Netanel, Neil, 236, 261, 261-262
Netscape and browser wars, 435
network topology, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology
networked environment policy. See policy networked information economy, 2-34; democracy and liberalism, 7-16; effects on public sphere, 219-233; emergence of, 2-7; institutional ecology, 22-28; justice, liberal theories of, 303-308; methodological choices, 16-22
networked public sphere, 10-12, 212-271, 465; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; defined, 177-178; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; liberal, design characteristics of, 180-185; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; mass-media platform for, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; transparency of Internet culture, 285-294; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also social relations and norms networked society, 376
news (as data), 314
newspapers, 40, 186-188; market concentration, 202
Newton, Isaac, 37
niche markets, 56
NIH (National Institutes of Health), 324
Nissenbaum, Helen, 261
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act, 441-442
Noam, Eli, 201-202, 238-239
nonexclusion-market production strategies, 39-41, 45-48
nonmarket information producers, 4-5, 39-40; conditions for production, 99-106; cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; emergence of social production, 116-122; relationship with nonmarket information producers (cont.) market-based businesses, 122-127; role of, 18-19; strategies for information production, 43, 47-48; universities as, 347-348
% ,{[pg 506]},
nonmarket production, economics of, 91-127; emergence in digital networks, 116-122; feasibility conditions, 99-106; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also motivation to produce
nonmarket strategies, effectiveness of, 54-56
nonmonetary motivations. See motivation to produce
nonprofit medical research, 350
nonrival goods, 36-39; peer-to-peer
networks sharing, 85-86
norms (social), 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369
Nozick, Robert, 304
NSI (Network Solutions, Inc.), 430
number of behavioral options, 150-152, 170 OAIster protocol, 326
obscurity of some Web sites, 246, 251-252
ODP (Open Directory Project), 76
older Web sites, obscurity of, 246
"on the shoulders of giants", 37-39
One World Health, 350
Open Archives Initiative, 326
open commons, 61
Open Courseware Initiative (MIT), 314-315, 327
Open Directory Project (ODP), 76
open-source software, 5, 46, 63-67; commons-based welfare development, 320-323; as competition to marketbased business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458
open wireless networks, 402-405; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; security, 457
opinion, public: iconic representations of, 205, 209-210; synthesis of, 184, 199. See also accreditation; relevance filtering
opportunities created by social production, 123-126
options, behavioral, 150-152, 170
order, emergent. See clusters in network topology
organization structure, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; justice and, 303-304; modularity, 100-103
organizational clustering, 248-249
organizations as persons, 19-20
organized production, traditional. See traditional model of communication
OSTG (Open Source Technology Group), 77
Ostrom, Elinor, 144
owners of mass media, power of, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225 ownership of information. See also proprietary rights
p2p networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457
% ,{[pg 507]},
packet filtering. See blocked access
Pantic, Drazen, 219
Pareto, Vilfredo, 243
participatory culture, 297-300. See also culture passive vs. active consumers, 126-127, 135
patents. See proprietary rights path dependency, 388-389
patterns of Internet use. See social relations and norms
peer production, 5, 33, 59-90, 462-464; drug research and development, 351; electronic voting machines (case study), 225-232; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; maintenance of cooperation, 104; as platform for human connection, 374-375; relationship with market-based businesses, 122-127; sustainability of, 106-116; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also sharing
peer production, order emerging from. See accreditation; relevance filtering
peer review of scientific publications, 323-325
peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457
Pennock, David, 251
perceptions of others, shaping, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300
perfect information, 203
performance as means of communication, 205
permission to communicate, 155
permissions. See proprietary rights
personal computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
Pew studies, 364-365, 423
pharmaceuticals, commons-based research on, 344-353
Philadelphia, wireless initiatives in, 406-408
physical capital for production, 6-7, 32, 384, 396-412; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
physical constraints on information production, 3-4, 24-25. See also capital for production
physical contact, diminishment of, 360-361
physical layer of institutional ecology, 392, 469-470; recent changes, 395
physical machinery and computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
Piore, Michael, 138
PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property for Agriculture), 338-341
planned modularization, 101-102
plasticity of Internet culture, 294-297, 299
PLoS (Public Library of Science), 324
polarization, 235, 256-258
policy, 26, 383-459; authoritarian control, 266-271; commons-based research, 317-328; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; enclosure movement, 380-382; global Internet and, 396; independence from government control, 184, 197-198; international harmonization, 453-455; liberal theories of justice, 305-307; mapping institutional ecology, 389-396; participatory culture, 297-300; path dependency, 386-389; pharmaceutical innovation, 345-346; property-based, 159-160; proprietary policy (continued ) rights vs. justice, 302-303; securityrelated, 73-74, 396, 457-459; stakes of, 460-473; wireless spectrum rights, 87. See also privatization; proprietary rights
% ,{[pg 508]},
policy, global. See global development
policy, social. See social relations and norms
policy efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
policy layers, 384, 389-396, 469-470; content layer, 384, 392, 395, 439-457, 469-470; physical layer, 392, 469-470. See also logical layer of institutional ecology
policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159
political concern, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210
political freedom, mass media and, 176-211; commercial platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185
political freedom, public sphere and, 212-271; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also networked information economy politics. See policy
Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 388
popular culture, commercial production of, 295-296
Post, Robert, 140
Postel, Jon, 430
Postman, Neil, 186
poverty. See justice and human development; welfare
Powell, Walter, 112
power law distribution of Web connections, 241-261; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250; uniform component of moderate connectivity, 251-252
power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225
preexisting relations, thickening of, 357
press, commercial, 186-188, 202
price compensation, as demotivator, 94-96
pricing, 109-113
Pringle, Peter, 335
print media, commercial, 186-188
private communications, 177
privatization: agricultural biotechnologies, 335-336; of communications and information systems, 152-154, 159-160 /{ProCD v. Zeidenberg}/, 445
processing capacity, 81-82, 86
processors. See computers producer surplus, 157
production capital, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
production inputs, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship
% ,{[pg 509]},
production of information, 464; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; networked public sphere capacity for, 225-232; nonrivalry, 36-39, 85-86; physical constraints on, 3-4; strategies of, 41-48. See also distribution of information; peer production
production of information, efficiency of. See efficiency of information regulation
production of information, industrial model of. See traditional model of communication
production of information, nonmarket. See nonmarket information
producers professionalism, mass media, 198
Project Gutenberg, 80-81, 136
propaganda, 149-150; manipulating culture, 297-300; Stolen Honor documentary, 220-225
property ownership, 23-27, 129-132; autonomy and, 143-146; control over, as asymmetric, 60-61; effects of exclusive rights, 49-50; trade policy, 319. See also commons; proprietary rights
property ownership, efficiency of. See efficiency of information regulation
proprietary rights, 22-28, 56-58; agricultural biotechnologies, 335-336, 338-344; commons-based research, 317-328; contractual enclosure, 444-446; copyright issues, 439-444; cultural environment and, 277-278; database protection, 449-451; Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 380, 413-418; domain names, 431-433; dominance of, overstated, 460-461; effects of, 49-50; enclosure movement, 380-382; global welfare and research, 317-320, 354-355; information-embedded goods and tools, 311-312; infrastructure ownership, 155; international harmonization, 453-455; justice vs., 302-303; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 345-346; models of, 42-45; openness of personal computers, 409; peer-to-peer networks and, 84-85; radio patents, 191, 194; scientific publication, 323-325; software patenting, 437-439; strategies for information production, 41-48; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448; trespass to chattels, 451-453; university alliances, 338-341; wireless networks, 87, 153-154. See also access
proprietary rights, inefficiency of, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
psychological motivation. See motivation to produce
public-domain data, 313-314
public goods vs. nonrival goods, 36-39
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 324
public opinion: iconic representations of, 205, 209-210; synthesis of, 184, 199. See also accreditation; relevance filtering
public sphere, 10-12, 212-271, 465; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; defined, 177-178; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; liberal, design characteristics of, 180-185; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; massmedia platform for, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; transparency of Internet culture, 285-294; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
public sphere economy. See networked information economy
% ,{[pg 510]},
public sphere relationships. See social relations and norms publication, scientific, 313, 323-328
Putnam, Robert, 362
quality of information. See accreditation; high-production value content; relevance filtering
quoting on Web, 218
radio, 186-196, 387-388, 402-403; market concentration, 202; patents, 191, 194; as platform for human connection, 369; as public sphere platform, 190. See also wireless communications
Radio Act of 1927, 196
Radio B92, 266
radio telephony, 194
raw data, 313-314; database protection, 449-451
raw materials of information. See inputs to production
Rawls, John, 184, 279, 303-304, 306
Raymond, Eric, 66, 137, 259
Raz, Joseph, 140
RCA (Radio Corporation of America), 191, 195
RCA strategy, 43, 44
reallocating excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352
recognition. See intrinsic motivations
redistribution theory, 304
referencing on the Web, 218; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261
regional clusters in network topology, 12-13. See also clusters in network topology
regions of interest. See clusters in network topology
regulated commons, 61
regulating information, efficiency of, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity
reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
regulation. See policy
regulation by social norms, 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369
Reichman, Jerome, 449
relationships, social. See social relations and norms
relevance filtering, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183, 258-260; Amazon, 75; by authoritarian countries, 236; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
relevance filtering by information providers. See blocked access
repeater networks, 88-89
research, commons-based, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
resource sharing. See capacity, sharing
% ,{[pg 511]},
resources, common. See commons
responsive communications, 199
reuse of information, 37-39, 52
reward. See motivation to produce
Reynolds, Glenn, 264
Rheingold, Howard, 219, 265, 358-359
RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 416
right to read, 439-440
rights. See proprietary rights
Romantic Maximizer model, 42-43
Rose, Carol, 61
routers, controlling information flow with, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159
Rubin, Aviel, 228, 229
Sabel, Charles, 62, 111, 138
Saltzer, Jerome, 399
sampling, digital (music), 443-444
Samuelson, Pamela, 25, 414, 488
Sarnoff, David, 195
SBG (Sinclair Broadcast Group), 199-200, 220-225
Scholarly Lawyers model, 43, 45
scientific data, access to, 313-314
scientific publication, 313; commons-based welfare development, 323-328
scope of loose relationships, 9, 357
Scott, William, 353
Second Life game environment, 74-75, 136
security of context, 143-146
security-related policy, 396, 457-459; vandalism on Wikipedia, 73-74
Security Systems Standards and Certification Act, 409
self-archiving of scientific publications, 325-326
self-determinism, extrinsic motivation and, 94
self-direction. See autonomy
self-esteem, extrinsic motivation and, 94
self-organization. See clusters in network topology self-reflection, 15-16, 293-294; Open Directory Project, 76; selfidentification as transaction cost, 112; Wikipedia project, 70-74
services, software, 322-323
SETI@home project, 81-83
shaping perceptions of others, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300
Shapiro, Carl, 312
shareable goods, 113-115
sharing, 59-90, 81-89; emergence of social production, 116-122; excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352; limited sharing networks, 43, 48; open wireless networks, 402-405; radio capacity, 402-403; technologydependence of, 120; university patents, 347-350
sharing peer-to-peer. See peer-to-peer networks
Shirky, Clay, 173, 252, 368, 373 "shoulders of giants", 37-39
shrink-wrap licenses, 444-446
sidewalk.com, 452
Simon, Herbert, 243
Sinclair Broadcast Group (SBG), 199-200, 220-225
Skype utility, 86, 421
Slashdot, 76-80, 104
small-worlds effect, 252-253
SMS (short message service). See text messaging
social action, 22
social capital, 95-96, 361-369; networked society, 366-369; thickening of preexisting relations, 363-366
social clustering, 248-249
% ,{[pg 512]},
social-democratic theories of justice, 308-311
social motivation. See intrinsic motivations
social production, relationship with market-based businesses, 122-127
social relations and norms, 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369
social software, 372-375
social structure, defined by technology, 29-34
societal culture. See culture
software: commons-based welfare development, 320-323; patents for, 437-439; social, 372-375
software, open-source, 5, 46, 63-67; commons-based welfare development, 320-323; as competition to marketbased business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458
Solum, Lawrence, 267
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, 442-443, 454
specificity of price, 109-113
spectrum property rights, 87. See also proprietary rights
spiders. See trespass to chattels
Spielberg, Steven, 416
stakes of information policy, 460-473
Stallman, Richard, 5, 64-66
standardizing creativity, 109-113
Starr, Paul, 17, 388
state, role of, 20-22
static inefficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
static Web pages, 216
Steiner, Peter, 205
Stolen Honor documentary, 220-225
storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
strategies for information production, 41-48; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116
Strogatz, Steven, 252
strongly connected Web sites, 249-250
structure of mass media, 178-180
structure of network, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology
structure of networks. See network topology
structure of organizations, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; justice and, 303-304; modularity, 100-103
structured production, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; maintenance of cooperation, 104; modularity, 100-103
Sunstein, Cass, 234
supercomputers, 81-82
supplantation of real-world interaction, 357, 362-366
% ,{[pg 513]},
supply-side effects of information production, 45-46
sustainability of peer production, 106-116
symmetric commons, 61-62
Syngenta, 337
synthesis of public opinion, 184, 199. See also accreditation
TalkingPoints site, 221
taste, changes in, 126
Taylor, Fredrick, 138
teaching materials, 326
technology, 215-219; agricultural, 335-344; costs of, 462; dependence on, for sharing, 120; effectiveness of nonmarket strategies, 54-55; enabling social sharing as production modality, 120-122; role of, 16-18; social software, 372-375; social structure defined by, 29-34
telephone, as platform for human connection, 371
television, 186; culture of, 135; Internet use vs., 360, 364; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; market concentration, 202
tendrils (Web topology), 249-250
term of copyright, 442-443, 454
text distribution as platform for human connection, 369
text messaging, 219, 365, 367
textbooks, 326
thickening of preexisting relations, 357, 362-366
thinness of online relations, 360
Thurmond, Strom, 263
Ticketmaster, 452
Tirole, Jean, 94, 106
Titmuss, Richard, 93 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 187
toll broadcasting, 194-195
too much information. See Babel objection; relevance filtering
tools, information-embedded, 312
Toomey, Jenny, 123
topical clustering, 248-249
topology, network, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology
Torvalds, Linus, 65-66, 104-105, 136-137
trade policy, 317-320, 354-355, 454
trademark dilution, 290, 446-448. See also proprietary rights
traditional model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers
transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116
transfer of knowledge, 314-315
transparency of free software, 322
transparency of Internet culture, 285-294
transport channel policy, 397-408; broadband regulation, 399-402; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405
trespass to chattels, 451-453
troll filters (Slashdot), 78
trusted systems, computers as, 409-410
tubes (Web topology), 249-250
UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 445
UCITA (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act), 444-446
Uhlir, Paul, 449
universal intake, 182, 197-199
university alliances, 338-341, 347-350
university-owned radio, 192
unregulated commons, 61
use permissions. See proprietary rights
users as consumers, 126-127
uttering content. See inputs to production
vacuity of online relations, 360
Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 278, 488
value-added distribution. See distribution of information; relevance filtering
value of online contact, 360
vandalism on Wikipedia, 73-74
variety of behavioral options, 150-152, 170
Varmus, Harold, 313
virtual communities, 348-361. See also social relations and norms
visibility of mass media, 198
volunteer activity. See nonmarket information producers; peer production
volunteer computation resources. See capacity, sharing
von Hippel, Eric, 5, 47, 106, 127
voting, electronic, 225-232, 262, 389-390
vouching for others, network of, 368 Waltzer, Michael, 281
% ,{[pg 514]},
watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
Watts, Duncan, 252
weak ties of online relations, 360, 363
Web, 216, 218; backbone sites, 249-250, 258-260; browser wars, 434-436; domain name addresses, 429-434; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting from other sites, 218. See also Internet
Web topology. See network topology
Weber, Steve, 104-105
welfare, 130-131; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; digital divide, 236-237; freedom from constraint, 157-158; information-based advantages, 311-315; liberal theories of justice, 303-308. See also justice and human development
well-being, 19
WELL (Whole Earth `Lectronic Link), 358
Wellman, Barry, 16, 17, 362, 363, 366
Westinghouse, 191, 195
wet-lab science, peer production of, 352-353
WiFi. See wireless communications
Wikibooks project, 101
Wikipedia project, 70-74, 104; Barbie doll content, 287-289, 292
Wikis as social software, 372-375
Williamson, Oliver, 59
Winner, Langdon, 17
wired communications: market structure of, 152-153; policy on, 399-402. See also broadband networks
wireless communications, 87-89; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open networks, 402-405; privatization vs. commons, 152-154. See also radio World Wide Web, 216, 218; backbone sites, 249-250, 258-260; browser wars, 434-436; domain name addresses, 429-434; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting from other sites, 218. See also Internet
% ,{[pg 515]},
writable Web, 216-217
written communication as platform for human connection, 369
Zipf, George, 243
Zittrain, Jonathan, 268
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