Achilladelis, B. 405
Aghion, P. 176
Albernathy, W. 657
Allen, T. 241
Amiable, T. 237
Antelman, K. 331
Antorini, Y. 648
Arrow, K. 333
Arundel, A. 316
Awad, N. 622
Bakke, G. 545
Balachandra, R 404
Barclay, I. 404
Barnes, B. 184
Baron, J. 241
Behlendorf, B. 471
Berners-Lee, T. 548
Boldrin, M. 426
Brand communities 648
Bresnahan, T. 440
Brooks, F. 346
Brown, J. 647
Buenstorf, G. 276
Campbell, D. 511
Carson, R. 153
Chamberlin, E. 410
Christensen, C. 547-549
Churchill, J. 502
Connell, J. 564
Conner, K. 369
Consumers 71-76
Contracting 176
Conway, C. 573
Cook, T. 511
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 237
Custom products 24, 27, 28, 57, 59, 60, 121, 139, 144, 165, 185, 189, 279, 345, 434, 444, 447, 464, 474, 475, 476, 548, 551, 606, 639, 642,
agency costs and, 27,
Apache web server software and, 144,
heterogeneity of user needs and, 24, 27, 121, 279, 345, 464, 606,
innovation and, 474,
manufacturers and, 27, 57, 60, 185, 189, 434, 474, 548, 551,
market segmentation and, 139,
product platforms and, 59, 476, 639,
suppliers and, 475,
toolkits and, 59, 551,
users and, 28, 57, 121, 165, 444, 447, 548, 639, 642
Dam, K. 333
Danneels, E. 548
Dasgupta, P. 623
David, P. 623
de Fraja, G. 325
Dellarocas C. 622
Duguid, P. 647
Duke, R. 206
Economic benefit, expectations of by lead users 4, 10, 10, 17-23, 28, 81-82, 120, 185, 205, 475, 479,
by manufacturers, 10, 10, 28, 185, 205, 475, 479,
by users, 4, 185, 205, 475, 479
Ehrenkrantz Group 206
Eisenberg, R. 423-424
Elrod, T. 404
Enos, J. 79
Ettrich, M. 431
Fetchmail 377-381
Fleming, L. 345
Free revealing of innovation information 37, 38, 40, 46, 48, 51, 54, 69, 290, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 312, 313, 319, 321, 323, 326, 329-331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 397, 407, 411, 441, 444, 455, 459, 460, 478, 618, 623,
and information diffusion, 303,
and library information search system, 297,
and open source software, 299, 323, 326,
and sports equipment, 298,
case for, 37, 301,
collective action model for, 46, 51, 334,
collective invention and, 295,
copyright protection and, 319, 333,
evidence of, 37, 290, 312,
free revealing and, 69,
government policy and, 441,
in information communities, 37, 51, 397, 618, 623,
incentives for, 321,
innovation and, 455, 459, 478,
intellectual property rights and, 37, 51, 411, 478,
lead users and, 407, 444,
manufacturers and, 38, 48, 300,
open source software and, 40, 336,
patent protection and, 313,
patents and, 333,
private-collective model for, 46, 337, 397,
social welfare and, 411, 441,
trade secrecy and, 333,
users and, 37, 51, 54, 290, 407, 460
Freeman, C. 79
Friar, J. 404
Friedman, D. 335
Gallini, N. 422
General Electric 483
Government policy 10, 12, 41, 47, 49, 398-442, 399, 399, 403, 411, 411, 414, 417, 419, 420, 423, 425, 426, 433, 434, 437, 439, 478, 486, 633,
and national competitive advantage, 633,
and social welfare, 12,
copyrights and, 49, 426,
distribution channels and, 437,
free revealing and, 411, 478,
intellectual commons and, 420,
intellectual property rights and, 414, 417, 478, 486,
manufacturer innovation and, 10, 399, 403, 434,
patent thickets and, 49, 425,
patents and, 49, 417,
provisioning biases and, 411, 417,
R&D subsidies and, 439,
See also Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 12,
social welfare and, 47, 399, 433,
trade secrets and, 41, 414, 419, 433, 478,
user innovation and, 12, 47, 398, 423
Green, P. 140
Greenstein, S. 440
Grimm, C. 369
Gum, E. 599-604
Harsh, M. 483
Hecker, F. 471
Heller, M. 423-424
Hirschleifer, J. 323
Hollander, S. 78
Honscheid, J. 6
Horgan, M. 6
Horwich, M. 643
Hunt, R. 425
iHarhoff, D. 327-328
Information commons 5, 51, 67, 290-303, 321-328, 354-357, 615, 616-624, 640-648,
See also Information communities, 5,
See also Innovation communities, 5
Innovation 14, 35, 38, 103, 344, 348, 398, 421, 444, 548,
and government policy, 398,
and sporting equipment, 103,
distributed process of, 38, 344, 548,
functional sources of, 14, 35, 348, 548,
lead users and, 444,
open source software and, 421,
See also Innovation communities, 14
Innovation communities 30, 31, 43-46, 45, 46, 57-58, 58, 67-69, 341-397, 346, 353, 359, 363, 373, 377, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 390, 430-432, 455, 466, 478-481, 485, 485, 488, 639, 640, 648,
and sources of innovation, 46, 67, 346, 353, 478,
Apache web server software and, 373,
brand and, 648,
fetchmail and, 377,
innovation and, 341,
kitesurfing and, 58, 384, 387,
open source software and, 45, 57, 359, 363, 455, 466, 478, 485, 639,
physical products and, 45, 57, 382,
See also Information communities, 30,
social welfare, and, 31,
sociology of, 640,
sources of innovation and, 485,
sporting equipment and, 45, 383, 390,
user-to-user assistance and, 388
Intellectual commons 429-442
Intellectual property rights 10, 38, 40, 41, 49, 49, 51, 67, 290, 305, 313, 314, 318, 319, 333, 364, 411, 414, 417, 419, 419, 421, 425, 426, 429, 429, 431, 433, 478, 623,
copyrights and, 10, 41, 49, 305, 314, 319, 333, 364, 421, 426,
free revealing and, 38, 41, 51, 290, 411, 478,
information communities and, 51, 67, 623,
innovation and, 10, 67,
intellectual commons and, 429,
licensing of, 41, 49, 318, 364, 429, 431,
open source software and, 40,
patent thickets and, 49, 425,
patents and, 41, 49, 305, 313, 314, 417,
See also Private-collective innovation, 10,
trade secrets and, 41, 305, 333, 414, 419, 419, 433, 478
Jokisch, M. 479
Katz, R. 565
Kelly, C. 275
Kelman, A. 404
Kline, R. 644-646
Knight, K. 78
Kotabe, M. 272
Kristensen, P. 559
Lead users 17-23, 60-119, 62, 64, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83, 87, 87, 90, 91, 102, 103, 110, 115, 119, 120, 129, 144, 297, 444, 473, 474, 489-548, 490, 494, 505, 507, 508, 548, 610,
3M and, 62, 490, 507, 548,
Apache web server software and, 76, 83, 144,
characteristics of, 17, 494,
commercial attractiveness of, 17, 90, 102, 110, 119,
economic benefit, expectations of, 17, 81, 120,
idea generation and, 60, 490, 508,
identification of, 17, 60, 489,
innovation and, 17, 60, 64, 444, 473, 489,
library information search system and, 17, 76, 83, 91, 129, 297,
manufacturers and, 103, 473,
mountain biking and, 76,
outdoor consumer products and, 75, 76,
pipe hanger hardware and, 76,
printed circuit CAD software and, 76, 87, 87,
sporting equipment and, 74,
StataCorp statistical software and, 505,
surgical equipment and, 76, 115, 474,
theory of, 80,
toolkits and, 610
Lerner, J. 323
Levin, R. 316
Levine, D. 426
Levinthal, D. 257
Lopez, L. 369
Machlup, F. 626
Manufacturers 4, 10, 10, 13, 20, 26, 27, 28, 31, 34, 38, 52, 56, 57, 60, 102, 104, 124, 139, 165, 167, 178, 185, 203, 205, 264, 300, 398, 399, 403, 434, 444, 473, 490, 494, 504, 546, 550, 551, 633, 646,
agency costs and, 167,
and national competitive advantage, 633,
characteristics of, 13,
custom products and, 28, 57, 60, 124,
dimensions-of-merit product improvements and, 550,
expectations of economic benefit by, 10, 124, 185, 205,
free revealing and, 38, 300,
government policy and, 10, 399, 403, 434,
information asymmetries of, 34, 264,
innovate-or-buy decisions and, 27,
innovation and, 4, 27, 52, 56, 102, 104, 124, 139, 165, 178, 205, 264, 398, 444, 490, 494, 504, 551, 646,
lead users and, 20, 26, 102, 104, 473, 490, 546,
social welfare and, 31,
transaction costs and, 203
Marples, D. 241
Martin, J. 564
Marwell, G. 335
Maurer, S. 430
McAdam, D. 335
McCool, Rob 375
Mead, L. 573
Means, R. 205
Merton, Robert 623
Meyer, M. 369
Mishina, K. 297
MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 363-364
Mitchell, R. 153
Molin, M. 481
Mollick, Ethan 487
Muniz, A. 648
Narver, J. 547
Niedner, S. 236
O'Guinn, T. 648
Oliver, P. 335
Olson, E. 545
Olson, M. 334-335
Open source software 40, 45, 299, 323, 326, 343, 346, 359, 360, 363, 416, 421, 429, 455, 466, 478, 629, 631, 639, 639, 641, 641, 647,
free revealing and, 40, 299, 323, 326,
innovation and, 360, 466, 478,
innovation communities and, 45, 343, 346, 359, 363, 416, 421, 455, 466, 478, 639, 641,
intellectual commons and, 429,
intellectual property rights and, 40, 429,
knowledge and, 629, 631,
See also Free software communities and, 40
Ostrom, E. 335
Pavitt, K. 79
Penning, C. 276
Perens, B. 365
Pine, J. 609
Polanyi, M. 256
Poolton, J. 404
Pottinger, T. 645
Prahalad, C. 369
Project SAPPHO 405
Redmond, W. 404
Rothwell, R. 405
SAPPHO study 405
Sattler, H. 316
Schaffer, C. 140
Schau, H. 648
Schmidt, G. 645
Schmookler, J. 82
Schrage, M. 569
Schreier, M. 606
Scotchmer, S. 422
Shafer, L. 564
Silberston, Z. 316
Singleton, S. 335
Slater, S. 547
Smith, A. 79
Smith, G. 369
Social welfare 12, 31, 46, 47, 334, 337, 397, 399, 410, 443,
and government policy, 47,
free revealing and, 334,
government policy, 399,
government policy and, 12,
innovation and, 12, 410, 443,
manufacturer innovation and, 31,
private-collective model and, 46, 337, 397,
user innovation and, 12, 31
Sonnack, M. 508-534
Spaeth, S. 370
Spence, M. 411
Sporting equipment 74, 79, 103, 298, 345, 349, 390, 656,
free revealing and, 298,
innovation communities and, 345, 349, 390,
lead users and, 74, 79, 103, 656,
user-to-user assistance and, 390
Stallman, R. 364-366
Stanley, L. 5
Sticky information 34-36, 64, 116, 214, 252-263, 266, 345, 405, 550, 557, 655,
and scientific instruments, 266,
dimensions-of-merit product improvements and, 550,
innovation and, 34, 64, 214, 252, 345, 405, 550,
toolkits and, 116, 557, 655
Suzlanski, G. 255
Taylor, C. 316
Taylor, M. 335
Tedd, L. 92
Teece, D. 255
Thies, S. 479
Toolkits 54, 59, 63-65, 64, 371, 476-483, 478, 483, 488, 551-613, 552, 555, 556, 557, 558, 570, 573, 576, 579, 585, 589, 596, 599, 610, 639,
characteristics of, 552, 573, 576,
GE and, 483, 556,
innovation and, 551,
International Flavors and Fragrances and, 556,
lead users and, 610,
manufacturers and, 54, 555,
module libraries for, 596,
Nestlé and, 599,
open source software and, 371,
platform products and, 59, 64, 476, 639,
solution spaces and, 585,
StataCorp and, 478, 488,
sticky information and, 557,
task partitioning, 54, 570,
trial-and-error learning in, 558, 579,
user-friendly tools for, 54, 555, 589,
users and, 54, 557
Trevithick, R. 296
Tripsas, M. 474
Ulin, D. 184
Users 4, 10, 13, 24, 27, 27, 32, 33, 34, 34, 37, 44, 46, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 69, 78, 119, 120, 121, 144, 164, 165, 167, 175, 178, 184, 234, 239, 254, 275, 279, 290, 344, 345, 345, 388, 398, 399, 408, 411, 440, 444, 447, 455, 474, 485, 488, 489, 551, 551, 623, 625, 633, 639, 646, 655,
agency costs and, 27, 167,
and paying for innovations, 144, 165,
characteristics of, 13,
co-invention and, 440,
custom products and, 57, 60, 121, 474, 639,
expectations of economic benefit by, 4,
free revealing by, 37, 51, 69, 290, 623,
government policy and, 10, 398,
information asymmetries of, 34, 175, 254, 408,
information communities and, 623,
innovate-or-buy decisions by, 24, 164, 275, 345, 455, 655,
innovation and, 4, 54, 56, 121, 164, 178, 239, 344, 398, 444, 485, 489, 551, 646,
innovation communities and, 44, 388, 488,
innovation process and, 32, 34, 119, 165, 234, 455,
knowledge and, 625,
low-cost innovation niches of, 33, 120, 239, 345, 655,
national competitive advantage and, 633,
needs of, 24, 27, 121, 279,
paying for innovations and, 447,
process improvements by, 78,
See also Lead users, 4,
social welfare and, 46, 399, 411,
toolkits and, 551,
transaction costs and, 167, 184
users and 474-475
Utterback, J. 657
Van der Plas, R. 275
von Hippel, E. 21-26, 40, 46, 48, 76-77, 79-102, 129-163, 241, 251, 255-318, 339, 349, 443-488, 475, 502-548, 556-565, 620, 638, 651
Wagner, S. 404-405
Watt, J. 296
Wellman, B. 355
Wenger, E. 647
Wind, Y. 139
Winter, S. 255
Young, G. 369
Zhang, X. 622
Ziedonis, R. 425
Copyright: 2005 Eric von Hippel. Exclusive rights to publish and sell this book in print form in English are licensed to The MIT Press. All other rights are reserved by the author. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
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